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Showing 5901 - 5950How Should We Treat Nodular Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma?
At the 2011 Pan-Pacific Lymphoma Conference in Kauai, Hawaii, Andreas Engert, MD, Chairman of the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (GHSG) and Professor of Medicine at the University Hospital of Cologne, Germany, discussed the treatment of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL),...
New Indication for Cetuximab in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
In the Clinic provides overviews of novel oncology agents, addressing indications, mechanisms, administration recommendations, safety profiles, and other essential information needed for the appropriate clinical use of these drugs. Cetuximab (Erbitux) was recently approved by the FDA for use in...
Update on Novel Treatments for Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma
At the recent Pan-Pacific Lymphoma Conference in Kauai, Hawaii, Julie M. Vose, MD, from the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, discussed novel treatments for peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). PTCL is a heterogeneous group of aggressive T-cell/natural killer (NK) cell non-Hodgkin...
Therapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Elderly Remains Undefined
At the 2011 Pan-Pacific Lymphoma Conference held recently in Kauai, Hawaii, Andrew M. Evens, DO, MSc, Director of the Lymphoma Program at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, discussed Hodgkin lymphoma in elderly patients. Event-free survival and overall survival rates in...
What You Should Know about Denosumab (Prolia) for Increasing Bone Mass during Breast and Prostate Cancer Therapies
In the Clinic provides overviews of novel oncology agents, addressing indications, mechanisms, administration recommendations, safety profiles, and other essential information needed for the appropriate clinical use of these drugs. Indications In September 2011, the monoclonal antibody RANKL...
Overexpression of p16 Does Not Indicate Increased Risk of Breast Cancer in Women with Atypical Hyperplasia
Women diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia have a substantial risk of subsequent development of breast cancer, with a cumulative incidence of approximately 30% at 25 years. Atypical hyperplasia is considered to be a precursor to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). p16 (a nuclear protein encoded by the...
Impact of p53 Status on Cancer Treatment Selection
Wild-type p53 emerges from a latent state and becomes stabilized and activated in response to genotoxic and cellular stress signals, resulting in the transcriptional modulation of multiple genes involved in regulating cell-cycle progression, senescence, and apoptosis. More than 50% of human tumors...
Targeting AKT/mTOR May Improve Response to Monoclonal Antibodies in Some Cancers
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) network plays a central role in regulating tumor cell growth and differentiation, tumor angiogenesis, metastasis, apoptosis, and multidrug resistance. Increased IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression and circulating IGF-1 are associated with increased risk for...
Abiraterone: New Drug in the Treatment of Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
In the Clinic provides overviews of novel oncology agents, addressing indications, mechanisms, administration recommendations, safety profiles, and other essential information needed for the appropriate clinical use of these drugs. Indication Abiraterone acetate (Zytiga) (an oral agent that...
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy Yields Complete Remission in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Targeted therapies have markedly improved outcomes in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma, with median overall survival of greater than 2 years having been observed with sunitinib (Sutent) treatment. Objective responses, consisting mostly of partial responses, are observed in approximately...
Combination of Oncolytic Virus and Chemotherapy Holds Promise in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma remains a uniformly lethal disease. Both the alkylating agent temozolomide and oncolytic viruses (engineered to preferentially infect and kill cancer cells) hold promise in treatment of glioblastoma. The effects of combining the two and the mechanisms of their interaction on cancer...
Six1-Eya2 Interaction a Potential Target in Blocking Breast Cancer Metastasis
The Six1 gene is a key regulator of embryonic development that requires interaction with the Eya family of proteins (Eya1-4) to activate transcription of genes involved in neurogenesis, myogenesis, and nephrogenesis. Overexpression of Six1 and Eya is observed in a number of cancers. In breast...
Significant Differences in Genetic Characteristics of Primary Colorectal Cancer and Hepatic Metastases
Vermaat and colleagues from the University Medical Center Utrecht, Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Hoffman-La-Roche Inc./Genentech, Nutley, New Jersey, recently showed that there was significant genetic variation between individual primary colorectal cancer tumors and their...
PI3K Inhibitors May Improve Response to Cancer Immunotherapy
The induction of antitumor immunity by vaccines or immunotherapies is inhibited by the immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumors. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have the potential to increase inflammatory antitumor effects in the microenvironment, but these ligands can exert a mixture of both ...
Carfilzomib May Offer Advantages in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma
Carfilzomib is an oral second-generation proteasome inhibitor with a mechanism of action that may increase efficacy and reduce adverse effects currently associated with proteasome inhibitor therapy. It is being investigated for use in multiple myeloma and select solid tumors, and the FDA has...
What You Should Know about Peginterferon Alfa-2b for Adjuvant Treatment of Melanoma
In the Clinic provides overviews of novel oncology agents, addressing indications, mechanisms, administration recommendations, safety profiles, and other essential information needed for the appropriate clinical use of these drugs. Indication Peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron, Sylatron) was recently ...
What You Need to Know About Axitinib, New Agent for Treating Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
In the Clinic provides overviews of novel oncology agents, addressing indications, mechanisms, administration recommendations, safety profiles, and other essential information needed for the appropriate clinical use of these drugs. Indication In January 2012, the second-generation vascular...
Expert Point of View: Answer to Secondary Cancers with RAF Inhibitors May Be Concomitant MEK Inhibition
“The development of nonmelanoma skin cancers secondary to RAF inhibitor treatment has been recognized since 2005, having been seen initially with sorafenib (Nexavar),” noted Mario E. Lacouture, MD, of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Commenting on recently published studies in this setting,...
Answer to Secondary Cancers with RAF Inhibitors May Be Concomitant MEK Inhibition
Keratoacanthomas and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are frequently observed in patients receiving the RAF inhibitor vemurafenib (Zelboraf) for treatment of BRAF-mutated melanoma. As discussed by Lacouture and colleagues in a recent Journal of Clinical Oncology article, these effects appear to...
Autologous Transplant vs Consolidation Chemotherapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Recent European Trial
Investigators in the Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Group and the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research Collaborative Group recently reported in the journal Blood that autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation significantly reduced relapse rate compared with intensive...
Two DPYD Variants Join List of Variants Predictive of Fluoropyrimidine Toxicity
In a systematic review and meta-analysis reported in The Lancet Oncology, Meulendijks et al found that the DPYD variants c.1679T>G and c.1236G>A/HapB3 were predictive of severe fluoropyrimidine-associated toxicity, with the variant c.1601G>A not achieving a significant relationship....
Use of 21-Gene Recurrence Score vs Adjuvant! Online May Alter Chemotherapy Decisions in Breast Cancer
In a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada, reported in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, Levine et al found that use of the 21-gene recurrence score (RS) assay altered decisions regarding receipt of chemotherapy compared with use of Adjuvant! Online in patients with axillary...
No Benefit Shown With Afatinib in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer With Progressive Brain Metastases
In the phase II LUX-Breast 3 trial reported in The Lancet Oncology, Cortés et al found that afatinib (Gilotrif) alone or combined with vinorelbine did not increase patient benefit vs investigator choice of treatment in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer and progressive brain...
Italian Study Shows Low-Dose Morphine Better Than Weak Opioids in Relieving Moderate Cancer Pain
In an Italian trial reported in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, Bandieri et al found that low-dose morphine provided better and more rapid pain relief than weak opioids in patients with moderate cancer pain. Study Details In the open-label 28-day trial, 240 adults with moderate cancer pain from ...
Everolimus Improves Progression-Free Survival in Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung or Gastrointestinal Tract
In a phase III RADIANT-4 trial reported in The Lancet, Yao et al found that everolimus (Afinitor) and supportive care significantly prolonged progression-free survival vs placebo and supportive care in patients with advanced nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors of the lung or gastrointestinal tract. ...
Androgen Deprivation Therapy May Lead to Castration Resistance in Prostate Cancer
Although androgen-deprivation therapy is effective in inducing regression of androgen-dependent prostate cancer, relapse often occurs in an androgen-independent manner and is associated with poor prognosis. The mechanisms underlying castration resistance are not fully understood. Sung and...
Targeted Mutations in ATR Pathway and Implications for Combination Strategies
Many chemotherapy agents work by causing DNA strand breaks or accumulation of DNA replication intermediates. ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad 3-related protein) is a potential target for combination drug strategies, because signaling of this protein in response to such altered DNA...
Targeted Massively Parallel Sequencing Identifies Clinically Relevant Alterations in Cancer Genes
Systematic methods for profiling tumor genomic alterations remain underdeveloped, with current clinical profiling usually being confined to identification of limited numbers of oncogene point mutations. At present, there is no systematic technique for interrogating tumor samples in situ for a...
New Data Guide Treatment for Rare Form of Hodgkin Lymphoma
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) accounts for approximately 5% of Hodgkin lymphoma cases. It is distinguished from classic Hodgkin lymphoma by a variety of clinical and pathologic features, including expression of B-cell associated antigens such as CD20. Given that the...
Erwinia chrysanthemi Asparaginase for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Patients with Hypersensitivity to E coli–derived Asparaginase
In the Clinic provides overviews of novel oncology agents, addressing indications, mechanisms, administration recommendations, safety profiles, and other essential information needed for the appropriate clinical use of these drugs. Indication Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase (Erwinaze) was...
Not All KRAS Mutations Are Alike in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Mutations in the KRAS oncogene play a critical role in cancer cell growth and resistance to treatment. In colorectal cancer, the presence of any mutant amino acid substitution in the K-Ras protein predicts a poorer response to targeted therapy. In non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, there...
Neoadjuvant Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy Converts Many Patients to Candidates for Breast-conserving Surgery
The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z1031 trial examined the effect of neoadjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy on clinical response and breast-conservation rates in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER)-rich stage II or III breast cancer. An update of the surgical...
Using Imatinib for Adjuvant Treatment after Resection of Kit (CD117)-positive Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
In the Clinic provides overviews of novel oncology agents, addressing indications, mechanisms, administration recommendations, safety profiles, and other essential information needed for the appropriate clinical use of these drugs. Indication In January 2012, imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) was granted ...
SMAC Mimetics Induce Proinflammatory Cancer Cell Death and Adaptive Antitumor Immune Response
SMAC/DIABLO (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI) is a proapoptotic mitochondrial protein that is released in response to various apoptotic stimuli. Molecular mimetics of SMAC are being investigated for use in cancer treatment,...
Bone Morphogenesis Protein 4 Pathway as Treatment Target in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Bone morphogenesis protein 4 (BMP4), which belongs to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family, is a multifunctional cytokine that is known to be involved in human carcinogenesis. The cytokine exerts its effects through pathways dependent on and independent of SMAD proteins, which are the...
Targeting Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Envelope Protein Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth
The human genome contains a large variety of endogenous retroviral sequences (approximately 8% of the genome). Although most of these are highly defective, the human endogenous retrovirus type K (HERV-K) family shows conservation of apparently intact retroviral genes and is transcriptionally active ...
PEDF Has Cytotoxic Effect on Breast Cancer Cells and Neuron-protective Effect
The cytokine pigment epithelium–derived factor (PEDF) is downregulated in brain metastases of breast cancer by approximately 14-fold compared with primary breast tumors, suggesting that promoting its expression might inhibit metastatic spread. Normal breast epithelial cells express high levels of...
Inhibition of IL-8 Receptor Reduces Colorectal Cancer Proliferation and Sensitizes the Disease to Oxaliplatin
Recent studies have shown that interleukin-8 (IL-8) and its receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 are significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer tumors and their microenvironment and act as regulators of proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Ning and colleagues from the University of Southern...
Characteristics of Field Cancerization in Histologically Normal Tissue Adjacent to Breast Tumors
It has been shown that a field of genetically altered but histologically normal tissue extends 1 cm or more from the margins of human breast tumors. The characteristics of this field are not fully understood, although it is clear that the molecular alterations in affected cells could provide...
Oral Rivaroxaban Is Noninferior to Standard Anticoagulant Therapy in Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Thromboembolic disease is common in patients with cancer and increases risk of mortality. Recent studies showed that the oral factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban (Xarelto) was as effective and safe as standard anticoagulant therapy in treating deep-vein thrombosis, with superior efficacy of rivaroxaban ...
Canadian Registry Study of Adjuvant Therapy for NSCLC Shows Increased Use in Elderly Patients and Improved Survival
Cisplatin-based adjuvant therapy is recommended for patients with resected stage II–IIIA non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There have been no trials of adjuvant therapy in elderly patients with NSCLC, who constitute a large part of the NSCLC population. A number of analyses indicate that older...
Expert Point of View: Chemoradiation with Fluorouracil and Mitomycin Reduces Recurrence of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer
In an editorial accompanying the recently reported UK phase III Bladder Cancer 2001 (BC2001) trial, Shipley and Zietman, from Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, point out that this trial shows that “the addition of a very tolerable regimen of chemotherapy to radiotherapy...
Chemoradiation with Fluorouracil and Mitomycin Reduces Recurrence of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer
Radiotherapy is an alternative to surgery in muscle-invasive bladder cancer, particularly in less-fit patients. However, it is associated with high rates of incomplete response or recurrence, with salvage surgery often being required. Although synchronous chemoradiotherapy has improved local...
Vandetanib: New Drug for Unresectable Medullary Thyroid Cancer
In the Clinic provides overviews of novel oncology agents, addressing indications, mechanisms, administration recommendations, safety profiles, and other essential information needed for the appropriate clinical use of these drugs. Indication The oral kinase inhibitor vandetanib (Caprelsa) was...
Study Shows Continued Benefit of PSA Screening in Reducing Prostate Cancer Mortality
Studies assessing the effect of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing on prostate cancer mortality have produced conflicting results, and recommendations regarding PSA screening vary among authorities. The recently published 11-year follow-up of the European Randomized Study of Screening for...
Inhibition of SFRP2 Found to Inhibit Growth of Triple-negative Breast Tumors
Secreted frizzled related protein 2 (SFRP2), a protein that modulates the Wnt signaling pathway and is involved in embryonic development, has been thought to exert a tumor-suppressive effect via inhibition of β-catenin activation. However, researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel...
Regional Infusion of Designer T Cells to Treat Intrahepatic Metastases
Designer T cells are modified from normal T cells to express specific immune receptors that allow them, via antibody-directed recognition or other mechanisms, to kill malignant cells bearing particular antigens. The Surgical Immunotherapy Lab at the Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode...
Anti-EpCAM Antibody-Drug Conjugate Shows High Activity against Pancreatic Cancer
Human epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed in many cancers. Although anti-EpCAM antibodies have shown promise in preclinical studies, early-phase clinical evaluation of these antibodies has been disappointing. To determine whether the antitumor activity of anti-EpCAM antibody...
Gab2 Promotes Characteristics of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage, when cancer cells have already migrated and invaded other tissues and organs. Wang and colleagues from the University of Colorado Denver and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, showed that Gab2—a scaffolding adaptor protein that is...
Complex Relationship between Metformin and BRAF-mutant Tumors
The antidiabetic drug metformin appears to lower cancer risk in diabetic patients and has shown antitumor activity in preclinical studies. Suppression of mTOR signaling via AMP kinase (AMPK)-dependent TOR complex 1 (TORC1) inhibition is one of the proposed mechanisms by which metformin appears to...
