Low-intensity smokers—individuals who smoke fewer than 10 cigarettes per day—are more than twice as likely to die of lung disease and more than eight times as likely to die of lung cancer than nonsmokers, according to research presented by Balte et al at the European Respiratory Society International Congress (Abstract 4389).
The study also shows that the risk of lung cancer death for individuals who smoke at this rate is not substantially lower than those who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day. Researchers added their study suggests that cutting down on smoking, or combining fewer cigarettes with vaping, is no substitute for quitting.
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First author Pallavi Balte, MBBS, MPH, PhD, told virtual conference participants, “Everyone knows that smoking is bad for you, but it’s easy to assume that if you only smoke a little, the risks won’t be too high. Previous research suggests that people are cutting down on smoking—for example, in the [United States,] the proportion of smokers smoking [fewer] than 10 cigarettes per day has increased from 16% to 27%. So, we wanted to study the risks [of] social smokers compared to people who don’t smoke and compared to heavier smokers.”
Study Methods and Findings
The study included 18,730 people selected from a multiethnic sample of the general U.S. population with an average age of 61 years. Researchers followed the people for an average of 17 years, during which time 649 died of respiratory disease and 560 died of lung cancer.
Among nonsmokers, the proportion of people who died from respiratory diseases was 1.8% and the proportion who died of lung cancer was 0.6%. Among social smokers (people who smoked fewer than 10 cigarettes a day), around 3.3% died from respiratory diseases and 4.7% died from lung cancer. For heavy smokers (people who smoked more than 20 cigarettes a day), these proportions were 10.1% and 12.9%, respectively.
The researchers calculated the death rates from respiratory disease and lung cancer and compared these rates between nonsmokers, social smokers, and heavy smokers. They took account of other factors that can influence death rates, such as age, sex, race, educational attainment, and body weight.
They found that social smokers were 2.5 times as likely to die of respiratory disease and 8.6 times as likely to die of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. Social smokers had around half the rate of death from respiratory disease as heavy smokers, but their rate of lung cancer death was two-thirds that of heavy smokers.
Dr. Balte added, “You might think that if you only smoke a few cigarettes a day you are avoiding most of the risk….but our findings suggesting that social smoking is disproportionately harmful.”
Dr. Balte and her colleagues will continue to study the effects of social smoking, as well as investigating the effects of new habits such as vaping.
Commentary
Jørgen Vestbo, DrMedSci, FCRP, FERS, FMedSci, Chair of the European Respiratory Advocacy Council and Professor of Respiratory Medicine at the University of Manchester, added his thoughts on the study, though he was not directly involved in the research. He said: “Although the proportion of people who smoke habitually is falling in many countries, we should still be concerned about those who identify as social smokers. Cutting down on smoking is a step in the right direction, as quitting tobacco is one of the best ways to protect the lungs and our overall health, but it’s clear that there is no safe level of smoking. This large study is important because it shows that smoking less will probably not have the effect that people are hoping for. We need to do all we can to support smokers to quit completely using evidence-based means, for example with access to support services, and nicotine patches or gum.”
