According to the American Cancer Society, excluding skin cancers, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in both men and women in the United States and the second most common cause of cancer deaths. This year, it is expected that more than 51,000 people will die of the malignancy. Although racial disparities in mortality from colorectal cancer have narrowed nationally, black individuals have a 43% higher mortality rate than white individuals, a study analyzing race-specific colorectal cancer deaths across 30 U.S. cities has found. According to the study, Washington, DC, had the highest disparity and Philadelphia had the lowest. Addressing modifiable risk factors, including smoking and obesity, and implementing public policy programs at the city level may help to reduce colorectal cancer deaths in this population. The study by Silva et al was presented at the 12th American Association for Cancer Research Conference on The Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved (Abstract 96).
Photo credit: Getty
Methodology
The researchers analyzed mortality data from 2013 to 2017 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics and 5-year population estimates from the 2013 to 2017 U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey to compute the overall, non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white average annual colorectal cancer mortality rates for the United States and its 30 most populous cities. The rates were age-adjusted using the 2000 standard U.S. population. The black and white colorectal cancer mortality rates were used to calculate rate ratios (RR) and rate differences (RD) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
In addition, the researchers were able to calculate the number of excess deaths from colorectal cancer due to racial disparity. The cities included in the study are New York; Los Angeles; Chicago; Houston; Philadelphia; Phoenix; San Antonio; San Diego; Dallas; San Jose; Austin, Texas; Jacksonville, Florida; Indianapolis; San Francisco; Columbus, Ohio; Fort Worth, Texas; Charlotte, North Carolina; Detroit; El Paso, Texas; Memphis; Seattle; Denver; Washington, DC; Boston; Nashville; Baltimore; Portland, Oregon; Oklahoma City; Louisville; and Las Vegas.
Study Findings
The researchers found that the estimated annual colorectal cancer mortality rate for the United States was 14.3 per 100,000 total population. The city-level rates ranged from a low of 10.6 (San Jose) to a high of 31.1 (Las Vegas). Nationally, the black rate was 43% higher than the white rate (95% CI = 1.41–1.44) with a rate difference of 6.27 per 100,000 population. Racial disparities were found in 25 of the 30 cities.
KEY POINTS
- Blacks included in the study had a 43% higher mortality rate from colorectal cancer than whites. The yearly number of excess deaths of blacks from colorectal cancer is 2,252.
- 25 of the 30 cities studied had a racial disparity in the colorectal cancer mortality rate, with the highest disparity occurring in Washington, DC, with a rate difference of 13.65. Philadelphia had the smallest disparity, with a rate difference of 3.55.
- Addressing modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and obesity, as well implementing public policy programs at the city level, may help mitigate disparities in colorectal cancer mortality in the United States.
Among those with a disparity, Philadelphia had the lowest level (RR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08–1.35; RD = 3.55, 95% CI = 1.46–5.63), whereas Washington, DC, had the highest (RR = 2.60; 95% CI 2.04–3.30, RD = 13.65; 95% CI: 10.76–16.54). In the United States, the yearly number of excess black colorectal deaths was 2,252. Across the 25 cities with a disparity, Seattle and Portland fared the best, whereas Chicago fared the worst in terms of excess deaths (3 vs 96, respectively). Even among the 12 cities with a lower colorectal mortality rate than that of the United States, 7 had a greater level of disparity (RR > 1.43) than the nation. However, some cities such as San Diego, New York, Boston, and Oklahoma City fared well in terms of the overall colorectal mortality rates and level of disparity.
“Reduction in colorectal cancer mortality and racial disparities can be achieved, in part, by addressing modifiable factors like smoking and obesity, but also by implementing programs and policy changes at the city level, as more than 80% of invasive cancer cases occur within urban areas,” said lead study author Abigail Silva, PhD, MPH, Assistant Professor in the Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health at Loyola University Chicago, in a statement. “Local level data are critical for improving cancer outcomes for populations and addressing health inequities. Each city can use this information to make real, evidence-based changes in policies, services, and funding.”
Disclosure: The study was funded in part by the Sinai Urban Health Institute Research Fellowship program. For full disclosures of the study authors, visit aacr.org.
