The results of a study published by Lee et al in Cell Reports suggest that several genetic hallmarks may play key roles in identifying precise treatment options for young adult patients with cancer. The investigators, who systematically compared the genomes of 14 different types of cancers that affect both younger and older adults, concluded that younger patients with skin, colon, or other cancers may require distinctly different treatments from those typically administered to older patients.
Study Rationale
According to at least two recent studies, cancer diagnosis rates in young adults may be rising. However, as the authors of this study note, most of what is known about treating various cancers is based on studies of older patients, creating an apparent knowledge gap that needs to be filled.
To address this, the researchers compared the genomic data of 14 different types of tumors from 1,757 adult patients who were less than 50 years old with that of 3,608 who were older than 50. The data was from The Cancer Genome Atlas, a project funded by the National Cancer Institute. For each tumor, the researchers systematically compared genetic mutations, chromosomal alterations, tumor immune system factors, and the potential to be treated with a known anticancer therapy. They then validated the results using additional samples from the International Cancer Genome Consortium.
Key Findings
Overall, the results showed that each type of young adult tumor could be distinguished from versions obtained from older patients by a specific set of hallmarks. For example, the relative proportions of well-known mutations seen in low-grade gliomas shifted greatly with the patient’s age. Endometrial tumors from young adults, by contrast, tended to have more mutations than those from older patients.
Nevertheless, some common trends were seen across cancer types. Most notably, the results suggested that the young adults’ immune systems responded differently to most of the tumors. This included responses by macrophage and dendritic cells, which are often exploited by anticancer immunotherapies.
Finally, the researchers found several differences between how younger and older adult tumors may respond to different treatment options, such as to drugs designed against cancer-causing mutations in the BRAF gene. Here the results suggested that anti-BRAF drugs may provide effective treatment options for a higher fraction of young adult patients with skin cancer than for older individuals with the same tumors. In contrast, older colon cancer patients may benefit more from anti-BRAF treatment options than younger ones.
The authors have made these results accessible to other cancer researchers. They also plan to work with others on testing new ideas for how to combat tumors in young adults.
The study was led by William Lee, PhD, a former master’s degree student in the laboratory of Kuan-lin Huang, PhD, Assistant Professor of Genetics and Genomic Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
Disclosure: The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. For full disclosures of the study authors, visit www.cell.com/cell-reports.
