A study of oncology staff carried out immediately after the spring peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom indicated that many had been infected with the coronavirus, including those who did not show any symptoms. The study—presented by Favara et al at the NCRI (National Cancer Research Institute) Virtual Showcase—also found that a substantial proportion of those who tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies after the first peak had lost their positive antibody status after 4 weeks.
The research suggests that oncology staff should be routinely tested for signs of current or previous coronavirus infection as rates of COVID-19 begin to rise globally again.
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David Favara, MD, of Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Cambridge, led the COVID-19 Serology in Oncology Staff (CSOS) Study. He said: “We began work on this research in April 2020, when the United Kingdom was still under [its first] COVID-19 lockdown. At that time, there was no widely available formal testing program for NHS staff, symptomatic or asymptomatic, and I was concerned about the impact of transmission of the virus to our oncology patients. At that time, polymerase chain reaction testing was hampered by limited national testing capacity—meaning that only individuals sick enough to be admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19 symptoms were being tested—whilst antibody tests were not offered outside of the experimental setting.”
He added: “To the best of our knowledge, we believe this was the first study to specifically investigate exposure to the virus in patient-facing oncology staff who were at work during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom between March and June 2020.”
Study Methods
The study included 434 nurses, doctors, radiographers, and administrators who had been at work in patient-facing roles during the peak of the first wave in oncology departments at three large East of England NHS Trusts: the Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, the North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust, and the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Kings Lynn NHS Foundation Trust.
At the start of June, participating staff were given both an antigen test (a nasopharyngeal swab tested with polymerase chain reaction) for signs that the virus was present, and two different antibody tests (a blood sample tested with both a laboratory assay and a rapid point-of-care assay) for signs of a previous infection with the virus.
Testing Results
No one tested positive for the antigen, meaning they were probably not infected at the time of testing. However, 18.4% of staff tested in June were positive for antibodies specific to the virus (according to the laboratory assay), suggesting previous infection.
The highest rates of infection were among oncology nurses (21.3%), followed by doctors (17.4%), administrators (13.6%), and radiographers (8.9%). Only some of those who tested positive for the antibodies reported previous symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 (38%).
Four hundred of the staff were retested 4 weeks later in July, and 13.3% tested positive for the antibodies. Of these, 92.5% were previously positive and 7.5% were newly positive. Of those who tested positive for antibodies in June, 32.5% had become antibody-negative when retested 4 weeks later.
Dr. Favara said, “The United Kingdom has guidance from the Royal College of Radiologists on testing patients for the virus antigen prior to their radiotherapy treatments, and broad advice for testing staff. Considering our findings, we propose that there should be a focus on routinely testing oncology nursing staff for both the virus antigen and antibodies until an effective vaccine becomes available. Testing for signs of previous infection alongside testing for current infection on a large scale would also help us better understand changes in immunity over time.”
Dr. Favara said he and his colleagues will continue collecting samples at intervals until a vaccine becomes widely available.
