A new clinical guideline from the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) provides guidance on the use of radiation therapy to treat patients with brain metastases. Evidence-based recommendations guide the multidisciplinary planning and delivery of advanced radiation therapy techniques to manage intact and resected brain metastases from nonhematologic solid tumors. The guideline, which updates ASTRO’s original 2012 guideline to reflect recent research developments, was published by Vinai Gondi, MD, and colleagues in Practical Radiation Oncology.
Vinai Gondi, MD
Management Techniques for Brain Metastases
Brain metastases form when cancer cells spread to the brain from a primary tumor located elsewhere in the body, most commonly lung cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma. Brain metastases are the most common type of brain tumors—roughly 10 times more common than primary brain tumors. They develop in 20% to 40% of people diagnosed with cancer, with approximately 200,000 new cases diagnosed in the United States each year.
Radiation therapy is commonly used to manage brain metastases; prolong survival; and provide relief from headaches, dizziness, and other neurologic problems these tumors can cause. Whole-brain irradiation, however, is associated with cognitive deterioration. To reduce these adverse effects and preserve patients’ quality of life, researchers developed advanced radiation therapy techniques including stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and hippocampal-avoidance whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) that result in fewer side effects. These treatments deliver therapeutic doses of radiation to the tumors while limiting exposure to healthy brain tissue.
“In the decade since the previous ASTRO brain metastases guideline, there has been a tremendous evolution in the way we manage patients’ disease. The development of stereotactic radiosurgery allowed treatment of limited brain metastases alone, often in a single fraction, while largely sparing the surrounding brain. Additionally, novel techniques such as hippocampal avoidance with whole-brain radiation can greatly improve our patients’ quality of life,” said Paul D. Brown, MD, Chair of the Guideline Task Force and Professor of Radiation Oncology at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.
Paul D. Brown, MD
Recent developments to manage brain metastases also include advances in neurosurgical care as well as emerging systemic therapies that may serve as alternates or adjuncts to radiation therapy and surgery. Chemotherapy traditionally has not been a common treatment for brain metastases due to the impenetrability of the blood-brain barrier, but newer medicines such as targeted therapies and immunotherapy show potential to circumvent this hurdle.
“With the emergence of novel radiotherapy techniques and technologies, brain-penetrating drug therapies, and neurosurgical interventions, modern management of brain metastases has become increasingly personalized, complex, and multidisciplinary. We developed this guideline to help inform and guide clinicians in patient-centered, multidisciplinary care for their patients with brain metastases,” said Dr. Gondi, MD, Vice Chair of the Guideline Task Force and Director of Research and Education at the Northwestern Medicine Cancer Center and Proton Center.
Key Recommendations
Recommendations address patient selection, as well as planning and delivery techniques for radiation therapy to manage intact (ie, unresected) and resected brain metastases. The guideline also includes treatment algorithms for limited brain metastases and extensive brain metastases. Key recommendations are as follows:
Intact/Unresected Brain Metastases
- For patients with one to four brain metastases and reasonable performance status (ECOG performance status 0–2), SRS is recommended. For patients with 5 to 10 brain metastases and reasonable performance status, SRS is conditionally recommended. For patients with tumors exerting mass effect and/or larger size, multidisciplinary discussion with neurosurgery to consider surgical resection is suggested.
- For patients with symptomatic brain metastases, upfront local therapy (radiation and/or surgery) is strongly recommended. For patients with asymptomatic brain metastases who are eligible for central nervous system–directed systemic therapy, multidisciplinary and patient-centered decision-making to determine whether local therapy may be safely deferred is conditionally recommended.
- For patients with favorable prognosis who have brain metastases that are ineligible for surgery and/or SRS, WBRT is recommended as a primary treatment. Hippocampal avoidance is recommended when appropriate to preserve memory function, as is the addition of memantine to delay neurocognitive decline. Routine adjuvant WBRT added to SRS is not recommended.
- For patients with a poor prognosis and brain metastases, WBRT may not improve outcomes compared to supportive care alone. Reasonable options for these patients include palliative care or hospice, or short-course WBRT for symptomatic brain metastases.
- Recommendations also include guidance for SRS and WBRT dosing and the use of single-fraction vs hypofractionated SRS. Additionally, while the use of SRS is driven by the number of brain metastases, it is critical that other factors—such as the patient’s total tumor volume, tumor location, age, and extracranial disease status—should be taken into consideration during patient-centered decision-making by the multidisciplinary team.
Resected Brain Metastases
- Radiation therapy is recommended for all patients following resection of brain metastases to improve intracranial control. For patients with limited brain metastases after resection, postoperative SRS is recommended over WBRT to preserve the patient’s neurocognitive function and quality of life.
- SRS prior to brain metastasis resection is conditionally recommended as a potential alternative to postoperative SRS.
About the Guideline
The guideline was based on a systematic literature review of articles published through September 2020. The multidisciplinary task force included radiation, medical, and neurosurgical oncologists; a radiation oncology resident; a medical physicist; and a patient representative.
This guideline task force included representatives from the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons, ASCO, and the Society of Neuro-Oncology (SNO). ASTRO, ASCO, and SNO also published a joint guideline in 2021 with clinical recommendations for surgery and systemic therapy, as well as radiation therapy, for the multidisciplinary treatment of patients with brain metastases. The ASTRO guideline update in Practical Radiation Oncology is intended to be a complement to that joint guideline, to provide more comprehensive detail about radiation therapy.
Disclosure: For full disclosures of the study authors, visit practicalradonc.org.
