New clues as to why night-shift workers are at an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer were uncovered in a new study published by Koritala et al in the Journal of Pineal Research.
The study involved a controlled laboratory experiment that used healthy volunteers who were on simulated night-shift or day-shift schedules. Findings from the study suggest that night shifts disrupt natural 24-hour rhythms in the activity of certain cancer-related genes—making night-shift workers more vulnerable to damage to their DNA, while at the same time causing the body’s DNA repair mechanisms to be mistimed to deal with that damage.
Though more research still needs to be done, these discoveries could someday be used to help prevent and treat cancer in night-shift workers.
“There has been mounting evidence that cancer is more prevalent in night-shift workers, which led the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer to classify night-shift work as a probable carcinogenic,” said co–corresponding author Shobhan Gaddameedhi, PhD, an associate professor formerly from the Washington State University (WSU) College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and now at the North Carolina State University's Biological Sciences Department and Center for Human Health and the Environment. "However, it has been unclear why night-shift work elevates cancer risk, which our study sought to address."
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Study Methods
As part of a partnership between the WSU Sleep and Performance Research Center and the U.S. Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Dr. Gaddameedhi and colleagues worked with bioinformatics experts at PNNL to study the potential involvement of the biologic clock, the body's built-in mechanism that keeps us on a 24-hour night and day cycle. Though there is a central biologic clock in the brain, nearly every cell in the body also has its own built-in clock. This cellular clock involves genes known as clock genes that are rhythmic in their expression—meaning their activity levels vary with the time of day or night. The researchers hypothesized that the expression of genes associated with cancer might be rhythmic, too, and that night-shift work might disrupt the rhythmicity of these genes.
To test this, they conducted a simulated shift-work experiment that had 14 participants spend 7 days inside the sleep laboratory at WSU Health Sciences Spokane. Half of them completed a 3-day simulated night-shift schedule, while the other half were on a 3-day simulated day-shift schedule. After completing their simulated shifts, all participants were kept in a constant routine protocol that is used to study humans' internally generated biologic rhythms independent of any external influences.
As part of the protocol, they were kept awake for 24 hours in a semi-reclined posture under constant light exposure and room temperature and were given identical snacks every hour. Every 3 hours, a blood sample was drawn.
Rhythmic Differences
Analyses of white blood cells taken from the blood samples showed that the rhythms of many of the cancer-related genes were different in the night-shift condition compared to the day-shift condition. Notably, genes related to DNA repair that showed distinct rhythms in the day-shift condition lost their rhythmicity in the night-shift condition.
The researchers then looked at what the consequences of the changes in the expression of cancer-related genes might be. They found that white blood cells isolated from the blood of night-shift participants showed more evidence of DNA damage than those of day-shift participants. What's more, after the researchers exposed isolated white blood cells to ionizing radiation at two different times of day, cells that were radiated in the evening showed increased DNA damage in the night-shift condition as compared to the day-shift condition. This meant that white blood cells from night-shift participants were more vulnerable to external damage from radiation, a known risk factor for DNA damage and cancer.
"Taken together, these findings suggest that night-shift schedules throw off the timing of expression of cancer-related genes in a way that reduces the effectiveness of the body's DNA repair processes when they are most needed," said co–corresponding author Jason McDermott, PhD, a computational scientist with the PNNL’s Biological Sciences Division.
The researchers' next step is to conduct the same experiment with real-world shift workers who have been consistently on day or night shifts for many years to determine whether in night workers, the unrepaired DNA damage builds up over time, which could ultimately increase the risk of cancer. If what happens in real-world shift workers is consistent with the current findings, this work could eventually be used to develop prevention strategies and drugs that could address the mistiming of DNA repair processes. It could also be the basis for strategies to optimize the timing of cancer therapy so that treatment is administered when effectiveness is greatest and side effects are minimal—a procedure called chronotherapy that would need to be fine-tuned to the internal rhythms of night workers.
"Night-shift workers face considerable health disparities, ranging from increased risks of metabolic and cardiovascular disease to mental health disorders and cancer," said co–senior author Hans Van Dongen, PhD, Professor in the WSU Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine and Director of the WSU Sleep and Performance Research Center. "It is high time that we find diagnosis and treatment solutions for this underserved group of essential workers so that the medical community can address their unique health challenges."
Disclosure: For full disclosures of the study authors, visit onlinelibrary.wiley.com.
