Using artificial intelligence (AI), researchers found that image-based risk scores for breast cancer derived from screening mammograms evolve over time and differ between women who develop cancer and those who do not, opening the door to a new era of dynamic breast cancer risk assessment. The new research was published by Lehman et al in Radiology.
Deep learning models can now generate breast cancer risk scores directly from screening mammograms, using the entire image rather than a limited, predetermined feature such as density. These models have demonstrated better performance than traditional risk models and breast density alone in estimating a woman’s 5-year breast cancer risk.
Most women diagnosed with breast cancer have no known genetic mutations or reported family history of the disease. Traditional risk models have limited discriminatory ability in population-based screening settings.
“Deep learning models have been primarily used to assess cancer risk scores at a static point in time,” said lead researcher Constance D. Lehman, MD, PhD, Professor of Radiology at Harvard Medical School and Chief Executive Officer of Clairity, Inc. “In this study, we evaluated longitudinal changes in the image-only deep learning breast cancer risk score using serial mammograms from a large screening cohort.”
Study Details
The study included women who underwent screening mammograms between 2009 and 2019 at six imaging sites spanning urban tertiary, community-based, and rural practice settings. All exams were standard 2D bilateral full-field digital mammography screening exams acquired with or without digital breast tomosynthesis.
A total of 239,703 consecutive 2D screening mammograms from 89,882 patients were initially included in the study cohort. After exclusions, the final cohort included 54,014 women (median age = 61 years), with 817 patients with cancer and 53,197 cancer-free controls. Each woman contributed one index exam (defined as the final screening mammogram within the year prior to a breast cancer diagnosis or the final mammogram in the 5-year study period for cancer-free controls) and up to six prior annual mammograms, for a total of 158,807 mammograms. The median number of screening mammograms per woman was three.
A validated, open-source, image-only deep learning model was applied to all the mammograms to generate continuous 5-year breast cancer risk scores. No demographic, clinical or historical imaging data were used.
A total of 817 women (1%) were diagnosed with breast cancer within 365 days of their index exam, including 451 (55%) with invasive cancer, 118 (14%) with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 248 (30%) with an unknown cancer. Of these, 682 (83%) were screen-detected cancers and 135 (17%) were interval cancers. The remaining 53,197 women (98%) were not diagnosed with breast cancer during follow-up and were categorized as cancer-free controls.
Role of AI Score Changes
The researchers compared the risk scores of the 817 women diagnosed with invasive cancer or DCIS with the scores of the 53,197 cancer-free control individuals.
“We observed clinically relevant differences in risk trajectories between women who did and did not develop cancer,” Dr. Lehman said. “The increase in scores among cancer patients was detectable as early as 6 years prior to diagnosis and became more pronounced over time.”
Among the patients with cancer, AI risk scores increased progressively over the 6 years preceding diagnosis, with the median score increasing from 2.1 in the first 5 to 6 years of the study period to 6.6 at the index exam. Cancer-free women exhibited stable scores across all time points, with medians ranging from 1.8 to 2.2 over the study period.
“These findings demonstrate [that] signals, invisible to the human eye, in the image alone can predict future risk,” Dr. Lehman said. “This is exciting, because 85% of women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a significant family history of breast cancer or known genetic mutations.”
“AI-derived risk scores can identify patients who are otherwise predisposed to the disease, and our findings demonstrate that image-based AI risk scores evolve over time and that changes in those scores may provide additional information about future breast cancer risk,” she said.
The risk score trajectory among patients with cancer increased most steeply in the years immediately preceding the diagnosis. A gradual increase in scores in the early years of the study period was followed by a much steeper increase 2 years prior to the index exam. In contrast, the cancer-free trajectories remained essentially flat across the study period.
“These trends remained robust across subgroups defined by age and breast density, further supporting the generalizability of our findings,” Dr. Lehman said. “This is particularly relevant given persistent disparities in screening performance across patient populations. A dynamic biomarker approach grounded in the imaging data could mitigate some of these disparities by enabling risk-based personalization that does not rely on self-reported or inconsistent clinical data.”
Dr. Lehman said the study’s findings support the potential of image-based risk models as dynamic imaging biomarkers to guide personalized risk-reduction strategies.
“With the power of AI, computer vision, and the ability to extract predictive data, we are able to apply the power of imaging to risk assessment and preventing disease from developing,” she said. “Having a dynamic risk score opens up a whole new domain of more effective preventive therapies for breast cancer, similar to how we screen for and treat patients with high cholesterol and hypertension.”
AI image-based risk scores are incorporated into the 2026 NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®). The guidelines recommend that beginning at age 35, women with an elevated 5-year risk score (greater than 1.7%) consider breast magnetic resonance imaging in addition to annual mammography.
A U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved, AI- and image-based 5-year risk-scoring model is currently in clinical use at select health-care institutions across the United States.
DISCLOSURE: For full disclosures of the study authors, visit pubs.rsna.org.
