In a study published by Charnita Zeigler-Johnson, PhD, MPH, and colleagues in the Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, gathering men at high risk for developing prostate cancer for discussion about prostate cancer or other health concerns increased their knowledge about prostate cancer as well as their intention to screen for prostate cancer.
The incidence of prostate cancer in Black men is nearly 60% greater than the incidence in White men, and the mortality rate for prostate cancer in Black men is more than double that of other racial/ethnic groups. It is the widest racial disparity of any cancer and extends to various stages of the prostate cancer care continuum. It reflects a confluence of multiple social, environmental, and genetic factors. Dr. Zeigler-Johnson, a prostate cancer researcher at Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center–Jefferson Health (SKCC) and Assistant Professor of Medical Oncology at Thomas Jefferson University, said that lack of awareness around prostate cancer is a major contributor.
Charnita Zeigler-Johnson, PhD, MPH
“Through all the studies I’ve done and talking directly to individuals from the community or who were recently diagnosed, I’ve seen first-hand that there is a lack of knowledge about prostate cancer,” she said. “Men—particularly Black men—may not even realize that they are in a high-risk category or know about screening and early detection. There is a dearth of basic information in some communities.”
Development of an Educational Intervention
This was the main motivation behind the recent study Dr. Zeigler-Johnson conducted with colleagues at SKCC and collaborators at the University of Pennsylvania to implement and evaluate an educational intervention for prostate cancer. They targeted this intervention to four areas in Philadelphia with the highest prostate cancer burden, which they had identified in a previous study published by McIntire et al in Preventive Medicine.
For that work, using data from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry, the researchers were able to identify areas where men were being diagnosed with advanced disease and dying from prostate cancer at the highest rate. They then used geospatial software to pinpoint these areas on a map, which allowed them to visualize prostate cancer hotspots. The researchers used this tool to focus their outreach to the four areas where they would have the biggest impact and engage communities in these neighborhoods.
In total, 239 men from the selected neighborhoods took part in the study, of which 118 from two of the neighborhoods were assigned to a control group. They received general education on men’s health issues and leading a healthy lifestyle. Another 121 men from the other two neighborhoods were assigned to the intervention group, which received prostate cancer–specific educational sessions on prostate health, prostate cancer screening, symptoms, detection, staging, and treatment. Consistent with the racial composition of their community, 95% of the control group and 89% of the intervention group were Black.
To implement their outreach, the researchers partnered with trusted community members who lived in the selected neighborhoods and trained them to deliver the educational sessions to the control group and intervention group. Dr. Zeigler-Johnson said that having these trusted peer educators was a critical component to building safe spaces where the men felt comfortable opening up and asking questions. This was also reflected in the physical accessibility of the spaces the researchers chose to hold the sessions: recreation centers, churches and synagogues, transitional housing sites, public libraries, and civic neighborhood organizations.
“When we conducted focus groups in the target communities, it was clear that men didn’t just want physicians or scientists telling them to ‘do this and do that,’” said Dr. Zeigler-Johnson. “They wanted to hear the real deal, from people who are a reflection of their community.”
When we conducted focus groups in the target communities, it was clear that men didn’t just want physicians or scientists telling them to ‘do this and do that’. They wanted to hear the real deal, from people who are a reflection of their community.— Charnita Zeigler-Johnson, PhD, MPH
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Dr. Zeigler-Johnson included prostate cancer survivors as research team members; they helped recruit and train the peer educators to ensure transparency about the prostate cancer information given to the intervention group. Their perspectives on how the disease affects physical and mental wellness, caregivers, and its long-term effects was vital to creating educational sessions that accurately reflected the lived experience of the disease.
“They’re also testaments to survivorship. It’s important for men in these high-risk communities to see that there can be success on the other side of this ordeal,” she added. “Hopefully, it diminishes some of that fear and apprehension that prevents some men from being proactive in their care.”
Postsession Survey Results
A survey was administered at baseline, immediately post-session, 1 month postsession, and 4 months postsession, to assess three main measures: (1) knowledge about prostate cancer, (2) concern/fear about prostate cancer, and (3) a patient’s intention to get screened for prostate cancer.
At baseline, there were no differences in any of the measures between the control group and intervention group. Knowledge and intention to screen increased significantly postsession and remained increased at 1 month and 4 months postsession for the intervention group that received prostate cancer–specific education—a result the researchers had hoped for.
Strikingly, they observed a similar effect in the control group.
“It speaks to the power of these spaces that enabled the men to learn from a trusted peer educator but also from each other,” said Dr. Zeigler-Johnson. “So even though men in the control group weren’t directly talking about prostate cancer, there was clearly a beneficial effect of having these open conversations about health in general that many men, particularly Black men, may be reticent to have.”
Even though the researchers were surprised to see the effect in both groups, they feel encouraged that similar community-led educational programs could have broad effects on health behavior. The results were also a validation of their mapping tool that allowed them to focus their educational outreach in populations where they could have the biggest impact.
Currently, collaborators at the University of Pennsylvania are conducting a study using the same tools and education materials to validate their approach. In the current study, researchers were unable to evaluate how the intervention motivated change in behavior—for instance, talking to a doctor about prostate cancer screening.
The collaborators hope to conduct more studies to follow patients over longer periods of time to evaluate the long-term impact of the educational intervention. Dr. Zeigler-Johnson hopes that this combined approach of epidemiologic mapping and community outreach will be an important model for disparities research.
“If we want to reduce prostate cancer disparities or any other health disparity, we have to be on the ground and working with communities,” she said. “But we also have to narrow in on the highest-risk individuals to be most impactful. We can’t treat our communities as monoliths.”
The study authors concluded, “This study showed that gathering at-risk men for discussions about prostate cancer or other health concerns may increase their prostate cancer knowledge and intention to talk to a doctor about prostate cancer screening.”
Disclosure: This work was funded by the Department of Defense. For full disclosures of the study authors, visit link.springer.com.
