Parents of twins often tell them apart through subtle differences such as facial expression, moles, voice tone, and gait. Similarly, physicians treating women with endometrial cancer must be able to distinguish between different versions of this disease form that, on the surface, appear the same.
With endometrial cancer, the most common gynecologic cancer in the western world and the fourth most prevalent in the United States, it can literally be a matter of life and death. Mortality rates from this cancer have nearly tripled in the last 25 years and the increase is thought to be attributed to the rising incidence of obesity. Scientists at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston have identified genetic mutations in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, the most common form of this cancer of the uterine lining. The mutations revealed a more lethal version of an endometrioid endometrial carcinoma subtype previously thought to respond well to treatment. It’s possible that by identifying these patients early on, oncologists can try more aggressive treatment approaches to increase the likelihood for a positive outcome.
Subtypes of Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma
“[Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma] is categorized into subtypes that help determine risk of recurrence and guide treatment,” said Wei Zhang, PhD, Professor of Pathology at MD Anderson. “Most patients have Type I, which can be diagnosed early and generally has a good outcome with treatment.”
Type I accounts for 70% to 80% of all endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. Type II is more troublesome and is usually diagnosed late in the cancer’s progression resulting in a poor prognosis. Dr. Zhang’s team, however, identified a cluster of patients within Type I that appears to have a more virulent form of it previously not recognized. Dr. Zhang labeled this patient group as Cluster II.
“The patients were mostly younger and obese that’s typical for Type I. What’s unusual is for patients in this disease category to have decreased survival rates,” said Dr. Zhang. “Molecular subtyping of [endometrioid endometrial carcinoma] may help oncologists with diagnosis and prognosis within this unique subset.”
Dr. Zhang believes that by being able to identify molecular “attributes,” physicians can identify patients at risk for this more lethal form of the disease.
Dr. Zhang’s findings were published recently in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
Distinctive Mutations
His team discovered distinctive genetic mutations in 87% of the Cluster II patients. The mutations occurred in the CTNNB1 gene, which is necessary for the creation and maintenance of tissue-producing epithelial cells. Within CTNNB1, genetic sequences known as exon 3 created a “hotspot,” a cellular cauldron of biological blunders. This resulted in the normally passive Type I becoming deadly for some patients.
With the identification of Cluster I (young, obese patients who respond well to treatment and generally have a good prognosis) and the more lethal Cluster II, Dr. Zhang demonstrated that, like twins, the two cancers may appear similar, but they have distinct genetic differences that make them unique. In the case of Cluster II, the discovery of these chromosomal quirks could lead to earlier and more effective treatments.
“The identification of this second cluster of patients with endometrial cancer helps to refute long-standing teachings that young, obese patients universally have endometrial cancers that are estrogen-driven and thus have a good prognosis,” said Russell Broaddus,
MD, PhD, Professor of Pathology at MD Anderson. “Endometrial cancer in this patient population is much more complex than we were previously led to believe. We hope that the study results can help pave the way for more individualized therapy of endometrial cancer patients who have tumors with CTNNB1 mutations.” ■
Other MD Anderson study participants included Yuexin Liu, PhD, Lalit Patel, and Russell Broaddus, MD, PhD, in the Department of Pathology, Gordon Mills, MD, PhD, Department of Systems Biology, and Karen Lu, MD, and Anil Sood, MD, Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine. Collaborative institutions included Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Harvard Medical College, Boston, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, and the Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle.
Disclosure: Dr. Zhang’s study was funded by a Career Development Award from MD Anderson Gynecologic SPORE in Uterine Cancers (NIH 2P50 CA 098258-08), the Genome Data Analysis Centers from the NIH (U24 CA143835), and the National Foundation for Cancer Research. The study authors reported no potential conflicts of interest.
