Overall cancer death rates in the United States dropped continuously from 1991 through 2018, for a total decrease of 31%, including a 2.4% decline from 2017 to 2018. These findings were reported in the American Cancer Society’s “Cancer Statistics, 2021” article, published by Rebecca L. Siegel, MPH, and colleagues in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. It was also accompanied by a consumer version, Cancer Facts & Figures 2021.
This year marks the American Cancer Society’s 70th anniversary of reporting these data to inform the nation’s fight against cancer.
Rebecca L. Siegel, MPH
Important Statistics
The report estimated that in the United States in 2021, almost 1.9 million (1,898,160) new cancer cases will be diagnosed, and 608,570 Americans will die from cancer. These projections are based on currently available incidence and mortality data through 2017 and 2018, respectively, and thus do not account for the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer diagnoses or deaths.
“The impact of COVID-19 on cancer diagnoses and outcomes at the population level will be unknown for several years because of the time necessary for data collection, compilation, quality control, and dissemination,” said Rebecca Siegel, MPH, lead author of the report. “We anticipate that disruptions in access to cancer care in 2020 will lead to downstream increases in advanced-stage diagnoses that may impede progress in reducing cancer mortality rates in the years to come.”
Progress in reducing mortality has slowed for other leading causes of death in the United States, but accelerated for cancer, which is the second-leading cause. An estimated 3.2 million cancer deaths have been averted from 1991 through 2018 due to reductions in smoking, earlier detection, and improvements in treatment, which are reflected in long-term declines in mortality for the four leading cancers: lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate.
Advances in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death, accounting for more deaths than breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers combined. Sluggish progress against these latter cancers in recent years contrasts with accelerating reductions in the death rate for lung cancer, from 2.4% annually during 2009–2013 to 5% annually during 2014–2018. As a result, lung cancer accounted for almost half (46%) of the overall decline in cancer mortality in the past 5 years and spurred a record single-year drop (2.4% from 2017 to 2018) for the second year in a row.
Recent rapid reductions in lung cancer mortality reflect better treatment for the most common subtype of the disease, non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Two-year relative survival for NSCLC has increased from 34% for patients diagnosed during 2009 through 2010 to 42% for those diagnosed during 2015 through 2016, including absolute gains of 5% to 6% for every stage of diagnosis. Two-year survival for small cell lung cancer remained at 14% to 15% during this time period.
Information on HPV Vaccination
Cervical cancer is almost 100% preventable through screening and, in recent years, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, but continues to cause thousands of deaths in the United States annually. Approximately 11 women per day died from cervical cancer in 2018, half of whom were in their 50s or younger. It is the second-leading cause of cancer death among women in their 20s and 30s.
Although the HPV vaccine holds promise to nearly eliminate cervical cancer with complete population coverage, U.S. vaccination rates remain far below those in other high-income countries: 57% of U.S. adolescent females are up to date vs more than 80% in Australia and more than 90% in the United Kingdom. Per American Cancer Society guidelines, HPV vaccinations are recommended in children starting between the ages of 9 and 12, and cervical cancer testing (screening) in young women should begin at age 25.
Other Reports Highlights
Other highlights from Cancer Statistics 2021/Cancer Facts & Figures 2021 include:
- Cancer is the leading cause of death in Hispanic, Asian American, and Alaska Native persons.
- The 5-year survival rate for all cancers diagnosed during 2010 through 2016 was 68% in White patients vs 63% in Black patients.
- For all stages combined, survival is the highest for prostate cancer (98%), cutaneous melanoma (93%), and female breast cancer (90%), and lowest for pancreatic (10%), liver (20%), esophagus (20%), and lung (21%) cancers.
- Survival rates are lower for Black patients than for White patients for every cancer type except pancreatic cancer.
- Prostate, lung and bronchus, and colorectal cancers account for 46% of all incident cases in men, with prostate cancer alone accounting for 26% of diagnoses.
- For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers account for 50% of all new diagnoses, with breast cancer alone accounting for 30% of female cancers.
- In contrast to declining trends for lung and colorectal cancers, female breast cancer incidence rates increased by about 0.5% per year from 2008 to 2017, which is attributed at least in part to continued declines in the fertility rate and increased body weight.
- Colorectal cancer overtook leukemia in 2018 as the second-leading cause of cancer death in men aged 20–39, reflecting increasing trends in colorectal cancer in this age group, coinciding with declining rates for leukemia.
- The Black/White disparity in overall cancer mortality among men and women combined has declined from a peak of 33% in 1993 (279 vs 211 per 100,000, respectively) to 13% in 2018 (174 vs 154).
- Geographic disparities are widest for the most preventable cancers, such as lung and cervical cancers, for which incidence and mortality rates vary up to five- and threefold, respectively, across states.
“While recent advances in treatment for lung cancer and several other cancers are reason to celebrate, it is concerning to see the persistent racial, socioeconomic, and geographic disparities for highly preventable cancers,” said William G. Cance, MD, Chief Medical and Scientific Officer, American Cancer Society.
William G. Cance, MD
“There is a continued need for increased investment in equitable cancer control interventions and clinical research to create more advanced treatment options to help accelerate progress in the fight against cancer,” Dr. Cance concluded.
ASCO Statement on the Report
Richard L. Schilsky, MD, FACP, FSCT, FASCO
ASCO's Chief Medical Officer and Executive Vice President Richard L. Schilsky, MD, FACP, FSCT, FASCO, issued the following statement on the report:
Fifty years after President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act to make cancer a national public health priority, we continue to see its lasting impact on progress against cancer as demonstrated by the 31% decline in overall cancer mortality between 1991 and 2018, driven largely by substantial reductions in lung cancer mortality related to a decline in smoking, improved screening, and better treatment.
While we celebrate this remarkable progress, the report lays bare the stark reality that disparities in cancer outcomes continue to disproportionately affect Black, Hispanic, Asian American, and Alaska Native people. The findings in this report reflect the disheartening truth that a patient’s race, socioeconomic status, and geographic location can determine one’s chances of surviving cancer. The oncology community must confront and address the complex forces and systems that have led to these unacceptable gaps in cancer outcomes. At ASCO, we have embedded a health-equity lens into all our activities. More than ever, we are committed to advocating for policies that improve access to equitable high-quality cancer care for all patients.
The report also notes that it is too early to know the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer mortality. ASCO’s own research shows that COVID-19 has resulted in significant delays in cancer screenings and disruptions to many critical cancer clinical trials. We have also laid out a comprehensive set of recommendations to guide the cancer community’s eventual recovery from the public health emergency. We expect the coming years will show the worrying ripple effects of interruptions to cancer care during the global pandemic, but ASCO will work to address these challenges as we move forward.”
ASCO commends the American Cancer Society for annually monitoring cancer incidence, mortality, and trends in the United States. We will continue our efforts towards furthering the progress we have made in treating cancer and eliminating disparities in care.
Disclosure: For full disclosures of the study authors, visit acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com.
