An emerging treatment known as adoptive T-cell therapy has proven effective in a phase II clinical trial for treating progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare and often fatal brain infection sometimes observed in patients with cancer and other diseases in which the immune system is compromised. These findings were reported in a brief report by Muharren Muftuoglu, MD, et al in The New England Journal of Medicine.
Muharren Muftuoglu, MD
Katy Rezvani, MD, PhD
The study, led by Katy Rezvani, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, showed improvement in three patients with PML infused with donor T cells targeting the BK virus. Results from the proof-of-principle study demonstrated BK, a virus similar to the JC virus which causes PML, as the basis for a potentially viable therapy. Both viruses are named for the initials of the patients in which they were first identified.
“The JC and BK viruses are genetically similar and share proteins that can be targeted by the immune system,” said Dr. -Rezvani in a statement. “Because of these similarities, we hypothesized that T cells developed against BK virus may also be effective against JC virus infection.”
Dr. Rezvani’s team developed a novel approach for the generation of BKV-specific T cells from healthy donors and established a bank of viral-specific T cells in MD Anderson’s Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) laboratory for immediate clinical use. The study treated three patients with third-party, partially human leukocyte antigen-matched (HLA) BK virus–specific T cells, taken from the GMP.
PML is a member of the polyomavirus family and is caused by the JC virus, which, although commonly found in the general population, can be deadly or cause serious health issues in some patients with hematologic malignancies; people with AIDS; and patients with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other autoimmune diseases treated with biologic therapies.
PML attacks white matter in the brain called the myelin sheath, which protects nerve cells. There is no current effective treatment for PML, which is fatal in the majority of patients. Symptoms can include clumsiness or loss of coordination, difficulty walking, facial drooping, vision loss, personality changes, trouble speaking, and weak muscles.
Study Methods and Findings
Patients with PML infused with BK-specific virus T cells included: a 32-year-old female with acute myeloid leukemia who previously received a cord blood transplantation (patient 1), a 73-year-old female with JAK2-positive polycythemia rubra vera who had been treated with ruxolitinib (patient 2), and a 35-year-old man with AIDS who had discontinued highly active antiretroviral therapy due to side effects and who was no longer able to walk (patient 3).
Following the first infusion, all three patients had a reduction in JC viral load in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Viral loads dropped from 700 to 78 copies in the first patient; 230,000 to 5,200 in the second; and 4,300 to 1,300 in the third patient.
“After infusion of viral-specific T cells, patients 1 and 3 had clinical improvement with significant reduction in JC virus in their cerebrospinal fluid,” said Dr. Rezvani. “Both patients responded despite persistent T-cell immunodeficiency, supporting the concept that the response was mediated by the adoptively infused viral-specific T cells, and there were no infusion-related reactions.”
Patient 1 received two additional infusions, which resulted in clearance of the virus in the CSF and no signs of PML 27 months after the first infusion. Patient 2 received a second infusion that further reduced JC viral load, but no further improvement was seen. The patient died 8 months following the first infusion. Patient 3 received additional infusions resulting in complete clearance of the JC virus. The patient has regained some mobility since treatment.
“We are encouraged that off-the-shelf, third-party, partially HLA-matched BK viral-specific T cells may provide a therapy for PML,” said Dr. Rezvani. “Further study in a larger group of patients is required to determine the success rate, durability, and longer-term adverse events with this treatment.” ■
