First-Line Immunotherapy for Cisplatin-Ineligible Patients With Advanced Urothelial Cancer
As reported in The Lancet Oncology by Balar et al, first-line pembrolizumab (Keytruda) produced durable responses in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and unresectable or metastatic urothelial cancer in the phase II KEYNOTE-052 trial. The trial supported the accelerated approval of pembrolizumab in this setting in May 2017. More than half of patients with advanced urothelial cancer cannot receive standard first-line cisplatin-based chemotherapy due to renal dysfunction, poor performance status, or other comorbidities.
Study Details
In the study, 370 patients with no prior systemic therapy were enrolled at 91 sites in 20 countries between February 2015 and August 2016 and treated with pembrolizumab at 200 mg every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was objective response in all patients and by programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status, according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, v1.1, as assessed by independent central review. PD-L1 expression was measured in tumor and inflammatory cells from tumor biopsies provided at study entry. Study follow-up is ongoing.
Patients had a median age of 74 years (82% ≥ 65 years), 77% were male, 42% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 2, 14% had metastases to lymph nodes only and 85% had visceral metastases (liver metastases in 21%), and 10% had received neoadjuvant or adjuvant cisplatin-based therapy. Reasons for cisplatin ineligibility were renal dysfunction in 49%, performance status of 2 in 32%, performance status of 2 and renal dysfunction in 9%, and other in 9%.
Response Rates and Durations
Median follow-up was 5.0 months. Overall, objective response was observed in 89 patients (24%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 20%–29%), with a complete response in 17 (5%); as of the data cutoff in September 2016, the median duration of response had not been reached, with responses ongoing in 74 of 89 responders (83%) and 78% of responses lasting > 6 months. Stable disease was observed in 84 patients (23%), for a disease control rate of 47%.
A total of 83 patients had been enrolled < 4 months before data cutoff and had insufficient time for response assessment. Among the 307 patients enrolled for ≥ 4 months, the objective response rate was 27%, with a complete response in 17 (6%), and stable disease was observed in 19%. Among 110 patients with a combined PD-L1 expression score ≥ 10%, objective response was observed in 42 (38%, 95% CI = 29%–48%).
Objective response rates were 30% vs 26% by age < 65 vs ≥ 65 years, 27% vs 27% for a performance status of 0 or 1 vs 2, 47% vs 23% for lymph node–only vs visceral metastases, and 17% vs 30% for liver metastases vs no liver metastases. Response rates were 26%, 27%, 29%, and 31% among patients with renal dysfunction, a performance status of 2, both, or other reasons for cisplatin ineligibility.
Adverse Events
Treatment-related grade ≥ 3 adverse events occurred in 15% of patients, with the most common being fatigue (2%), increased alkaline phosphatase level (1%), colitis (1%), and muscle weakness (1%). Serious treatment-related adverse events occurred in 36 patients (10%), including pyrexia (1%) and adrenal insufficiency, arthritis, colitis, diabetic ketoacidosis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, and type 1 diabetes (all in < 1%). Immune-related adverse events occurred in 63 patients (17%), with the most common being hypothyroidism (6%), hyperthyroidism (2%), colitis (2%), and pneumonitis (2%). One patient died of treatment-related adverse events (myositis in addition to grade 3 thyroiditis, grade 3 hepatitis, grade 3 pneumonia, and grade 4 myocarditis).
The investigators concluded: “First-line pembrolizumab has antitumour activity and acceptable tolerability in cisplatin-ineligible patients with urothelial cancer, most of whom were elderly, had poor prognostic factors, or had serious comorbidities. In view of this result, pembrolizumab has become a new treatment option for patients who are cisplatin-ineligible or not suitable candidates for chemotherapy. Pembrolizumab in the first-line setting is being further assessed in the phase 3 KEYNOTE-361 trial.”
The study was funded by Merck & Co.
Arjun V. Balar, MD, of Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, is the corresponding author of The Lancet Oncology article.
The content in this post has not been reviewed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Inc. (ASCO®) and does not necessarily reflect the ideas and opinions of ASCO®.
