ASCO 2017: Impact of Patient Age on Molecular Alterations in Colorectal Tumors
Younger patients with colon cancer appear to have more than three times as many mutations in their tumors as older patients, which could lead to more effective treatment decisions, according to researchers at Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center. In a new study, they found that tumor mutation load, as well as gene mutations that play an important role in DNA repair, were more predominant in the younger patients. Their findings were presented by Weinberg et al at the 2017 ASCO Annual Meeting (Abstract 3592).
The investigators undertook their analysis at a time when the rate of new colorectal cancers in patients aged 45 or younger is increasing.
According to Mohamed E. Salem, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine at Georgetown Lombardi and senior investigator for the study, viewing high levels of mutations in tumors as a positive may seem counterintuitive, but it could be important to figuring out what therapies would work best. Importantly, he noted that immunotherapies work by taking the brakes off the immune system; the more mutations a cancer cell has, the more alien it appears to the immune-fighting cells hunting for cells that don't belong.
Study Details
In one part of their study, the researchers looked at a biologic mechanism known as mismatch repair, which occurs when a DNA strand is replicated and the wrong base is inserted into a strand being copied. If there are mutations in the genes that direct the mismatch repair, then more tumors can arise.
In the other part of the study, the investigators looked at tumor mutation load, which is a count of mutations in DNA. Tying the two factors together is the essence of their finding, as a greater number of mismatch repair gene mutations can contribute to a high tumor mutation load, which was seen in more young than old patients in the study.
The investigators zeroed in on the biology of distal tumors found in the part of the colon closest to the rectum; distal tumors also include those found in the rectum. Distal tumors are on the rise in younger patients and typically convey better survival odds than proximal tumors, which occur further up the colon.
The researchers looked at advanced distal tumors from 229 patients with colorectal cancer with a median age of 40 years, and compared them with distal tumors from 503 patients with a median age of 71. Most colorectal cancers appear after age 60.
Major Findings
Using advanced gene-sequencing techniques, the researchers determined the tumor mutation load for each tissue sample and catalogued which genes were most frequently mutated in those samples. Although the researchers found a wide array of mutated genes, many of which play important roles in various types of cancer, there was no statistically significant difference between younger and older patients in the rates of mutation in many cancer-causing genes.
A few genes, however, were more frequently mutated in younger patients: HER2, NF1, and the DNA mismatch repair genes MSH6, MSH2, and POLE. The investigators suggested that the DNA mismatch repair mutations may explain the higher tumor mutation load in younger patients. Significantly, high tumor mutation load was seen in 8.2% of young patients vs 2.6% of older patients—over a 3-fold difference.
“One of the leading theories for why rates of colorectal cancer are increasing in younger patients relates to lifestyle factors, including diet and exercise,” said the study's principal investigator, Benjamin Weinberg, MD, Chief Hematology/Oncology Fellow at Georgetown Lombardi. “There is also increasing evidence that bacteria and local inflammation of the colon can drive cancer growth. We can now add tumor mutation load to the list of factors and begin exploring whether there is a link between tumor mutation load and these lifestyle factors.”
The content in this post has not been reviewed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Inc. (ASCO®) and does not necessarily reflect the ideas and opinions of ASCO®.
