Heart Failure After First Heart Attack Associated With Increased Risk of Cancer
Patients who develop heart failure after their first heart attack have a greater risk of developing cancer when compared to first-time heart attack survivors without heart failure, according to a study published by Hasin et al in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
Heart failure refers to a number of conditions that can affect the heart's structure and the way the heart works and, over time, make it harder for the heart to pump enough blood and oxygen to meet the body's needs. It is associated with a higher risk of death than other types of heart disease.
Death from heart failure can often be attributed to direct cardiac causes such as heart failure symptoms, inadequate blood supply, and irregular heartbeats; however, the noncardiac causes of heart failure death, such as cancer, are becoming increasingly recognized as researchers learn more about their association with the disease.
While cancer is usually considered a separate cause of death from heart disease, studies have been conducted to determine an association between heart disease and an increased cancer risk.
Study Background
This group of researchers previously looked at increased risk of cancer among heart failure patients and showed a 70% increase in risk.
In this new study, they looked at cancer risk in patients who developed heart failure after their first heart attack. Researchers chose to compare those with and without heart failure after heart attack because these patient groups have a lot in common, including atherosclerosis, risk factors, treatments received, and follow-up routines. The factors that may differ between the groups, such as older age, obesity, smoking, and diabetes, are known and can be controlled for, providing for comparison groups that may provide more information on the impact of heart failure on subsequent cancer occurrence than other heart disease groups.
Researchers looked at records for 1,081 patients in Olmsted County, Minnesota, who had their first heart attack between November 2002 and December 2010. Patient data was from the Rochester Epidemiological Project.
Findings
After an average of 4.9 years of follow up, 228 patients, or 21%, were diagnosed with heart failure and 28 of those patients, or 12.3%, developed cancer. In comparison, 8.2% of patients without heart failure were diagnosed with cancer. The average time from first heart attack to cancer diagnosis was 2.8 years, with the most common cancers being respiratory, digestive, and hematologic.
The analysis showed that the incidence of cancer was similar initially between those with and without heart failure, but after 1.5 years of follow up there were higher rates of cancer among patients with heart failure. An association between heart failure and cancer remained after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, smoking, body mass index, and diabetes.
The findings are statistically significant, but a limitation of the study is the small sample size and number of events. These findings also support the earlier study that showed a 70% increased risk of cancer among heart failure patients.
Possible Reasons for Increase
Researchers looked at whether the increased incidence of cancer in heart failure patients could be due to the more frequent doctor visits and diagnostic procedures that occur with heart failure patients, which could lead to cancer being diagnosed earlier or at all. However, the researchers determined that since most health care demands of heart failure patients occur early after diagnosis and most cancers were diagnosed after 1.5 years, this detection bias was not a major reason for more instances of cancer diagnosis in heart failure patients.
The influence of medication on cancer diagnosis was also studied. Patients who developed heart failure after heart attack were prescribed the same medications at discharge as those who were not, so researchers concluded treatment for heart attack was not likely responsible for the higher rate of cancer in heart failure patients.
“Cancer constitutes an enormous burden to society, and both cancer and heart failure are well-known causes of increased mortality,” said Véronique L. Roger, MD, senior author of the study and Director of the Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery in Rochester, Minnesota. “Our research suggests an association between both diseases, and it's possible that as we learn more about how this connection works, we can prevent deaths. In the meantime, physicians should recognize this increased cancer risk for heart failure patients and follow guideline-recommended surveillance and early detection practices.”
The content in this post has not been reviewed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Inc. (ASCO®) and does not necessarily reflect the ideas and opinions of ASCO®.
