Study Finds Significant Drop in New Prostate Cancer Diagnoses
A new study led by Vanderbilt University Medical Center investigators found new diagnoses of prostate cancer in the United States declined 28% in the year following the draft recommendation from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) against routine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for men. The new research, led by Daniel Barocas, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Urological Surgery and Medicine, was published in The Journal of Urology.
Background of USPSTF Draft Guidelines
In October 2011, the USPSTF issued a draft guideline discouraging the use of PSA-based screenings for prostate cancer after concluding harmful side effects—such as incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and radiation cystitis—outweigh potential benefits.
However, the “grade D” recommendation was considered controversial because of uncertainty about the risk-benefit ratio of screening. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States, with nearly 30,000 deaths annually, and some studies show that screening saves lives.
To assess the effects of this recommendation, the investigators identified new cancers diagnosed between January 2010 and December 2012 in the National Cancer Database. They studied the trend of prostate cancers diagnosed each month, before and after the draft guideline, compared with new colon cancer cases.
Drop in Diagnoses
The research revealed that 12 months after the draft USPSTF guidelines were published, diagnoses of new low-risk prostate cancers had fallen by 37.9%, whereas colon cancer cases remained stable.
New prostate cancer diagnoses also declined by 23% to 29.3% among men over the age of 70 and 26% among men considered infirm. The authors noted these are populations who are unlikely to live long enough to benefit from early detection and are at risk of harms of treatment.
However, the investigators suggest that withholding screening may also result in failure to detect higher-risk cancers during the window of curability. Timely treatment of intermediate- and high-risk localized disease is associated with superior overall survival, disease-specific survival, and decreased spread of the disease to other locations in the body.
The study identified a drop of 28.1% in diagnoses of intermediate-risk disease and 23.1% in diagnoses of high-risk prostate cancer 1 year after the draft guideline. The decline did not vary across age or comorbidity features.
“These findings suggest that reduced screening may result in missed opportunities to spare these men from progressive disease and cancer death,” said Dr. Barocas.
Although the observation period was too limited to determine the impact on the diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer—associated with a high treatment burden, decrease in quality of life, and increased mortality—the authors did observe a small upward trend in diagnoses of nonlocalized disease.
“The results raise concern that if this trend continues, more men may be diagnosed at a point when their disease is advanced. Younger, healthier men with intermediate- or high-risk disease would normally be candidates for aggressive local therapy, and they may not be receiving a timely diagnosis under this policy,” said Dr. Barocas.
The authors suggest that future research should focus on screening regimens that minimize harms and maximize potential benefits of screening while also considering patient preferences.
The content in this post has not been reviewed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Inc. (ASCO®) and does not necessarily reflect the ideas and opinions of ASCO®.
