2018 ASCO: TAILORx: Most Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer Can Forgo Chemotherapy When Guided by a Diagnostic Test
The federally funded, phase III TAILORx clinical trial showed that most women with hormone receptor (HR)–positive, HER2-negative, axillary node–negative early-stage breast cancer and a mid-range score on a 21-tumor gene expression assay (Oncotype DX® Breast Recurrence Score) do not need chemotherapy after surgery. The study found no improvement in disease-free survival when chemotherapy was added to hormone therapy in this group, which accounts for about two-thirds of women who participated in the trial. The findings will have an immediate impact on clinical practice, sparing thousands of women the side effects of chemotherapy.
The study was presented by Sparano et al in ASCO’s Plenary Session, which features four studies deemed to have the greatest potential to impact patient care featured as part of the 2018 ASCO Annual Meeting (Abstract LBA1). This is the largest breast cancer treatment trial ever conducted, and the first precision medicine trial ever done, according to the authors.
“Half of all breast cancers are HR-positive, HER2-negative, and axillary node–negative. Our study shows that chemotherapy may be avoided in about 70% of these women when its use is guided by the test, thus limiting chemotherapy to the 30% who we can predict will benefit from it,” said lead study author Joseph A. Sparano, MD, Associate Director for Clinical Research at the Albert Einstein Cancer Center and Montefiore Health System, and Vice-Chair of the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group. “Before TAILORx, there was uncertainty about the best treatment for women with a mid-range score of 11–25 on the Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score test. The trial was designed to address this question and provides a very definitive answer,” said Dr. Sparano. “Any woman with early-stage breast cancer 75 years or younger should have the test and discuss the results of TAILORx with her doctor to guide her decision regarding chemotherapy after surgery to prevent recurrence.”
Oncotype DX and Chemotherapy
Based on evidence from several prior studies, the 21-gene expression assay is widely used to provide prognostic information about the risk of breast cancer recurrence within 10 years and to predict which patients are most likely to derive a large benefit from chemotherapy. The test is performed on a tumor biopsy sample. Women with a low score (0–10) typically receive hormone therapy alone and those with a high score (26–100) receive hormone therapy and chemotherapy.
The side effects of chemotherapy for breast cancer can be significant. Short-term side effects that occur during chemotherapy include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and infection, and, in younger women, early menopause or infertility. Neuropathy is another common side effect, with symptoms including numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet, which may sometimes be permanent. Certain delayed side effects that may occur months or years after chemotherapy are rare, but potentially serious, including heart failure and leukemia.
About TAILORx
The TAILORx trial enrolled 10,273 women with hormone receptor–positive, HER2-negative, axillary node–negative breast cancer—the most common type of breast cancer. Of them, 6,711 had a mid-range recurrence score of between 11 and 25 and were randomly assigned to receive hormone therapy alone or hormone therapy and chemotherapy.
The primary endpoint was disease-free survival, defined as recurrence of cancer in the breast, regional lymph nodes, and/or distant organs; a second primary cancer in the opposite breast or another organ; or death from any cause.
Key Findings
At a median follow-up of 7.5 years, the study met its primary prespecified endpoint, indicating that hormone therapy alone was not less effective than chemotherapy plus hormone therapy in women with a Breast Recurrence Score of 11 to 25. Nine-year rates were similar in the two treatment arms for disease-free survival (83.3% vs 84.3%), distant recurrence (94.5% vs 95.0%), and overall survival (93.9% vs 93.8%), indicating no benefit from adding chemotherapy to hormone therapy. Another important finding was the identification of the group that did have some chemotherapy benefit—women 50 years or younger who had a Breast Recurrence Score of between 16 and 25.
The researchers also found that women with a recurrence score of 10 or less had very low recurrence rates with hormone therapy alone, irrespective of age or other clinical factors. In addition, those with a recurrence score of 26 or higher had a distant recurrence rate of 13% despite chemotherapy and hormone therapy, indicating the need to develop more effective therapies for this group.
According to the authors, the findings suggest that chemotherapy may be spared in:
- All women older than 50 years with hormone receptor–positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer and a Recurrence Score of 0 to 25 (about 85% of women with breast cancer in this age group)
- All women 50 years or younger with hormone receptor–positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer and a Recurrence Score of 0 to 15 (about 40% of women with breast cancer in this age group).
Commentary
“This study, which never would have happened without federal funding for cancer research, will transform care immediately, and for the better. These data provide critical reassurance to doctors and patients that they can use genomic information to make better treatment decisions in women with early-stage breast cancer. Practically speaking, this means that thousands of women will be able to avoid chemotherapy, with all of its side effects, while still achieving excellent long-term outcomes,” said ASCO Expert Harold Burstein, MD, PhD, FASCO.
This study received funding primarily from the National Cancer Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health. Additional support was provided by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, Komen Foundation, and the U.S. Postal Service Breast Cancer Stamp. The ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group designed and conducted the study.
The content in this post has not been reviewed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Inc. (ASCO®) and does not necessarily reflect the ideas and opinions of ASCO®.
